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An IC programmer (Integrated Circuit programmer) is an electronic device used to write data into programmable ICs such as microcontrollers, EEPROMs, EPROMs, and flash memory chips. It plays a crucial role in embedded systems development, electronics manufacturing, and repair tasks by allowing users to upload firmware, set configurations, or store custom data into integrated circuits.

What is an IC Programmer?

An IC programmer is used to transfer data or instructions from a computer to an integrated circuit. This data can be firmware, configuration files, or binary code required for the chip to function properly in its intended application.

IC programmers can be standalone units with built-in displays or software-controlled devices connected to a PC via USB or serial ports.

Types of ICs Commonly Programmed

• Microcontrollers (MCUs) – e.g., PIC, AVR, ARM, 8051

Retail banking, also known as consumer banking or personal banking, plays a vital role in the financial ecosystem by providing essential banking services directly to individual customers. It is the most familiar face of banking for most people, encompassing everything from savings accounts to personal loans and digital payment services. In the modern era, retail banking has evolved from traditional brick-and-mortar branches to a digitally driven experience that offers convenience, personalization, and security.

What is Retail Banking?

Retail banking refers to the provision of financial services by banks to individuals and small businesses, rather than to corporations or other banks. It includes a broad range of products and services designed to help customers manage their money, make payments, and achieve personal financial goals.

Key Services Offered by Retail Banks

1. Savings and Checking Accounts

   • Deposit money safely

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